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Referencing and Writing Bibliographies  

Referencing

Information taken from books, magazines and other sources should be referenced.
The Harvard System of Referencing dispenses with footnotes and incorporates the reference into the main text. It should take the following form:

1. Author’s surname
2. Date of publication
3. Page number

A short note is included in the text without disrupting the flow, and uses quotation marks (see example 1). A longer quote is set out a ‘block quotation’, begins on another line, is indented and does not use quotation marks (see example 3).

Examples Sack (1999:109) states that ‘The most life threatening features for many individuals with Marfan syndrome are related to blood vessels.’ (Quoting from one page) Child labour is rife around the world, but it is in developing countries that the highest proportion of child workers is found. (Springer, 1997:25-26) (Paraphrasing from two pages). Sullivan (1998:16) discussed the signs of vitamin or mineral deficiencies: Vitamin or mineral deficiencies do not always manifest themselves as major health problems, since most of us are not severely deficient in any single nutrient. However, marginal deficiencies are very common, and are likely to be responsible for many minor overlooked symptoms, such as predisposition to headaches, difficulty sleeping, or skin complaints. Minor problems, left untreated, can become more serious, which is why it is important to deal with any nutritional imbalances or small deficiencies as soon as possible.

Bibliography

This appears in alphabetical order at the end of the assignment and should be on a separate page. 

The internet format is as follows:

Author. (Year/Date). Title. [Medium]. Available: URL [Access Date].

 

The print format is as follows:

Author. (Year). Title. Place of publication: publisher.

1. Information is taken from the book’s title page and the reverse side.
2. Authors are arranged alphabetically.
3. Author’s personal titles such as Professor, Doctor are ignored.
4. If no author is given, list title of resource, followed by the date.
5. The year stated must be the year the edition was first published, not the year of the reprint.
6. Edition is stated only when it is not the first edition.
7. If multiple dates are used, select the most recent, eg 1998-2002, use 2002.

Examples: 1. Book: one author Zell, Len. (1999). Driving and Snorkelling Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. 2. Book: three authors Deery, Stephen, Plowman, David and Walsh, Janet. (1997). Industrial Relations: A Contemporary Analysis. Roseville, NSW: McGraw-Hill. 3. Book: more than three authors Parker, Brian and others. (1999). Geography for Global Citizens. South Yarra: MacMillan. 4. Book: edition other than the first Stoessinger, John G. (1998). Why Nations go to War. 7th ed. New York: St Martin’s Press. 5. Book: author unknown A Social and Economic Profile of Women in Queensland: 1999. (1999). Brisbane: Department of Equity and Fair Trading. 6. Book: editor or compiler as ‘author’ Healey, Justin ed. (2000). Australia’s National Identity. Balmain, NSW: Spinney Press. 7. Magazine article Travis, Lara. (2000). ‘Mirage: Drysdale and Moffatt in the Australian outback’. Art and Australia, Vol. 37, No. 4, June/July/August, pp. 548-555. 8. Encyclopaedias Spinrad, Hyron. (2000). ‘Mars’. The World Book Encyclopedia, XIII, 223-226. 9. CD-ROMS Newspaper article Franklin, Roger. (1998, July 5). ‘An eye for an eye’. Issues in the News 1999. [CD-ROM], p.19. Encyclopaedia Bolen, Eric G. (1996). ‘Conservation’.  World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia. [CD-ROM]. 10. Internet Landsea, Christopher W. (1999) FAQ: Hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical cyclones. [Online]. Available: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaqHED.html. [26 July 2000].

12th June 2007